[Clinical anatomy of the Bernasconi-Cassinari artery]. / Klinicheskaya anatomiya arterii Bernaskoni­Kassinari.

The article provides a comprehensive overview of the Bernasconi-Cassinari's artery (marginal tentorial branch of internal carotid artery, r. marginalis tentorii a. carotis internae). It includes information on the history of its discovery, anatomical features, and topography. The interrelation between the anatomical features of this artery and the presence of neurological pathology in patients is discussed, along with neurosurgical treatment methodologies.

[Study of the effect of Unifuzol on cognitive impairment and damage to the hippocampus and cerebral cortex during course administration to rats with bilateral stenosis of the common carotid arteries, causing chronic circulatory failure]. / Vliyanie preparata Unifuzol na sostoyanie kognitivnykh funktsii v usloviyakh eksperimental'nogo khronicheskogo narusheniya mozgovogo krovoobrashcheniya.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of Unifuzol (L-arginine sodium succinate) on cognitive impairment, cerebral blood flow, and damage to the tissues of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex during a 10-day course of administration to rats with chronic cerebral ischemia (CCI) caused by bilateral stenosis of the common carotid arteries (CCA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted on male rats with CCI caused by bilateral stenosis of the CCA by 60%. 40 days after surgery, rats received Unifusol (21, 42 and 84 ml/kg), nicergoline (10 mg/kg), citicoline (500 mg/kg) or placebo (0.9% NaCl) for 10 days. Next, cognitive impairments were assessed in the Morris Water Maze and the New Object Recognition (NOR) test, as well as the level of motor and exploratory activity in the Open Field test. The level of cerebral blood flow was determined immediately after the CCA stenosis and at the end of the experiment. Animals were euthanized in a CO2 incubator, after which the brain was removed and subjected to morphometric analysis. RESULTS: In animals that were modeled with CCA stenosis, pronounced behavioral and cognitive impairments occurred as a result of a decrease in blood flow in the vessels of the brain and subsequent changes in the tissues of the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex. Intravenous course administration of Unifuzol at doses of 42 and 84 ml/kg to animals with CCI was comparable in efficiency to nicergoline and citicoline, which was expressed in greater preservation of the cognitive abilities of animals in the Morris Water Maze and NOR tests. In the Open Field test, animals injected with Unifusol at doses of 42 and 84 ml/kg performed more acts of motor and exploratory activity than animals from the placebo group, and had a higher level of cerebral blood flow (compared to animals that were injected with citicoline). Based on the results of a morphological study, it was found that the most significant neuroprotective effect was provided by nicergoline and Unifuzol (at doses of 42 and 84 ml/kg). CONCLUSION: Unifuzol at a course of administration at doses of 42 and 84 ml/kg, comparable to the reference drugs nicergoline and citicoline, reduces the severity of psychoneurological deficit in animals with CCI, comparable to them improves the microcirculation of brain tissues, preventing damage to brain tissues.

[Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of stroke and its correction]. / Okislitel'nyi stress v patogeneze tserebral'nogo insul'ta i ego korrektsiya.

We reviewed the role of oxidative stress (OS) in the pathogenesis of ischemic (IS) and hemorrhagic stroke (HS). OS plays a major role in programmed cell death, increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier, astroglial and microglial activation, and local inflammatory response. We also reviewed the current state of neuro- and cytoprotection studies and their translation in clinical practice. With respect to experimental and clinical data the efficacy of long term administration of multimodal cytoprotective drug with antioxidant effect - ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate (Mexidol) is discussed during the acute and early recovery period after stroke.

[Results of clinical studies of the efficacy and safety of the use of ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia]. / Rezul'taty klinicheskikh issledovanii effektivnosti i bezopasnosti primeneniya preparatov etilmetilgidroksipiridina suktsinata u patsientov s khronicheskoi ishemiei golovnogo mozga.

Chronic cerebral ischemia (CCI) is a common syndrome that, in the absence of adequate therapy, is characterized by a progressive course, an increase in cognitive, emotional, motor and other disorders, eventually leading to persistent disability of the patient. In the treatment of patients with CCI, the use of drugs with a multimodal neuroprotective effect is indicated. The results of the analysis of a series of clinical trials of the drugs Mexidol and Mexidol FORTE in patients with CCI are presented. The effects in relation to cognitive, emotional, asthenic, vegetative and other manifestations of CCI are considered. It is concluded that it is advisable to consistently use the drugs Mexidol and Mexidol FORTE in such patients.

[FEATURES OF THE USE OF ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS IN PATIENTS WITH COVID-19].

The review traces the evolution of the section on the use of antibacterial drugs in the temporary guidelines of the Ministry of Health for the treatment of a new coronavirus infection. Diagnostic approaches that play an important role in deciding on the need and duration of antibacterial therapy are presented. Routine use of fluoroquinolones should be restricted due to the adverse safety spectrum. According to existing data, the tactic of short courses of antibacterial therapy for community-acquired pneumonia are not inferior in effectiveness to longer courses. Unjustified prescribing of antibiotics increases the cost of medical care, promotes the selection of resistant pathogens and leads to adverse side effects. Timely updating of clinical recommendations, implementation of programs to control the appointment of antibacterial agents in medical organizations and strengthening the role of the clinical pharmacology service can reduce these adverse events.

Ab ovo: Factors Affecting the Radial Stiffness of Thoracic Aorta Stent-Grafts.

The aim of the investigation was to study the factors influencing the radial stiffness of the thoracic aorta stent-grafts with the stent elements made of nitinol tubes by laser cutting and thermal shape setting. Materials and Methods: The work used stent elements made by different technologies by two different manufacturers from a nitinol tube with a wall thickness of 0.5 mm (E1) and 0.4 mm (E2), with a final diameter of 20 mm. Height of cells E1 - 15 mm, E2 - 12.5 mm. The stents were manually attached to a tubular woven non-crimped base (PTGO Sever, Russia) with a 6/0 suture, resulting in either single or continuous stitches. In the RLU124 radial force tester (Blockwise Engineering LLC, USA), each of the four stent-grafts, as well as their individual stent elements, were compressed by 10 mm from the initial diameter. The dependence of the radial forces on deformation under loading and unloading was graphically presented. The temperature and enthalpy of phase transitions of nitinols into the austenite (Af) and martensitic (Mf) phases were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC-3; Mettler Toledo, USA). All indicators were compared with the characteristics of two commercial models - Cronus (China) and E-vita Open Plus (Germany). Results: Four prototypes of SibHybrid stent-grafts were tested; those differed in their stent elements, distances between them, and the type of sutures (single or continuous). The stent elements of the models studied differed in the values of Af, Mf, and the enthalpy of phase transitions of nitinols. The hardest stent was the E2 prototype. The fixation of stent elements to the woven fabric in the graft increased the radial force by 4.0-5.5 times. During compression by 50 and 20% of the original diameter, the SibHybrid models developed radial force 4.5-6.0 times greater compared with the E-vita Оpen Plus model. The radial force values of SibHybrid models were almost the same as for the Cronus and models at 20% compression. Using continuous twining round suturing increased the radial force by about 10 N; accordingly, SibHybrid E2 had the highest radial force because it was fixed by a continuous suture. The density of the stent elements fixed on the fabric did not affect the radial force of the stent-graft as a whole. Conclusion: In the manufacture of stent elements from nitinol tubes, the main factor determining the radial stiffness is the technology of nitinol shape setting. With the standard technology of thermal shape setting, radial force can be changed by varying the height of the structure cell element and the cross-sectional area of the cell bars, as well as the suturing technique.

Infradian and Ultradian Rhythms of Body Temperature Resumption during Hibernation.

The rhythms of short-term arousal episodes, associated with normalization of low body temperature, were studied in hibernating Erinaceus roumanicus. The episodes of body temperature recovery during hibernation were 1.7 times more incident during the acrophase of 4.058-day rhythm of glucocorticoid hormones, detected previously, than during the batiphase of this rhythm. Ultradian rhythm of arousal episodes conformed to a 4-h biorhythm: the maximum number of body temperature resumption episodes was recorded at 00.00-01.00, 04.00-05.00, 08.00-09.00, 12.00-13.00, 16.00-17.00, and 20.00-21.00. These data indicated that in mammals the mechanisms of infradian and ultradian rhythm maintenance were stable and did not depend on body temperature or were determined by external factors with periods of 4.058 days and 4 h.

[Chronic anal fissure: etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment]. / Khronicheskaia anal'naia treshchina: étiopatogenez, diagnostika, lechenie.

Etiology, epidemiology and pathophysiology of anal fissure are examined in the article in order to determine the most optimal treatment strategy. The authors concluded that the most effective treatment is combined approach using both minimally invasive surgery and various medicines for anal spasm reduction.

[Immunohistochemical study of the specific features of expression of matrix metalloproteinases 1, 9 in the photoaged skin, the foci of actinic keratosis and basal cell carcinoma]. / Immunogistokhimicheskoe issledovanie osobennostei ekspressii matriksnykh metalloproteinaz 1, 9 v kozhe s dermatogeliozom, ochagakh aktinicheskogo keratoza i bazal'no-kletochnogo raka kozhi.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) mediate the degradation of all types of collagens and other extracellular matrix components (elastin, proteoglycans, and laminin), their synthesis and accumulation play a key role in the hydrolysis of basement membrane. MMPs are involved in a wide range of proteolytic processes in the presence of different physiological and pathological changes, including inflammation, wound healing, angiogenesis, and carcinogenesis. AIM: to study the specific features of MMP-1 and MMP-9 expression in different stages of skin photoaging, in the foci of actinic keratosis and basal cell carcinoma by immunohistochemical examination. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 12 samples of the healthy skin (6 samples of the eyelid skin with Glogau grade II photoaging; 6 ones of eyelid skin with Glogau grades III-IV photoaging) and biopsies from 8 foci of actinic keratosis and from 8 ones of basal cell carcinoma were examined. A positive reaction to MMPs was shown as different brown staining intensity in the cytoplasm of keratinocytes/tumor cells. RESULTS: MMP-1 and MMP-9 expression was recorded in 67% of the histological specimens of the Glogau grade III photoaged skin and in 100% of those of Glogau grade IV. In the foci of actinic keratosis, the expression of MMP-1 was observed in 62.5% of cases and that of MMP-9 was seen in 87.5%. In basal cell carcinoma, the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-9 was detected in all investigated samples. CONCLUSION: The immunomorphological findings are indicative of the important role of the level of MMP-1 and MMP-9 expression that is associated with the degree of progression of skin photoaging processes. Minimal MMP-1 and MMP-9 expression was recorded even in grades III-IV photoaging and in the foci of actinic keratosis. Intense MMP-1 and MMP-9 expression was detected in malignant skin epithelial neoplasms as different clinicomorphological types of basal cell carcinoma.

Seasonal Changes in Blood Cells and Biochemical Parameters in the Mongolian Hamster (Allocricetulus curtatus).

It was shown previously that the Mongolian hamster (Allocricetulus curtatus) is a mammalian species with irregular short hibernation. The purpose of the present study was to determine how this status affects seasonal changes in the biochemical and hematological parameters in A. curtatus males under a natural temperature and light regime. It was found that a reduction in circulating white blood cells, specifically lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes, occurred in-winter. and bilirubin levels increased in spring. These characteristics make Mongolian hamsters closer to the true hibernating species. At the same time, the character of seasonal changes in the number of red blood cells, glucose, total protein, creatinine, and albumin is closer to species with torpor.

[Assessment of skin photoaging in middle-aged and elder patients with non-melanoma skin cancers].

The development of methods of early detection of non-melanoma skin cancers, assessment of risk factors, including photoaging, by means of non-invasive techniques are the main research interests of modern dermato-oncology and gerontology. In our study we aim to investigate the range of clinical features of photoaging in 92 patients older than 50 years (50 patients had malignant epithelial skin tumors (actinic keratosis, basal cell carcinoma), to reveal risk factors for basal-cell carcinoma using adapted SCINEXA scale and to assess of the pathomorphological features of dermathoheliosis using reflectance confocal microscopy. The assessment of photoaging by means of SCINEXA with subsequent non-invasive evaluation using reflectance confocal microscopy allows to evaluate the cumulative effect of the ultraviolet irradiation on the skin with objective criteria. That algorithm is perspective in terms of early detection of the risk factors of non-melanoma skin cancers.

[Relationship between warfarin dosing and activity of CYP2C9 assessed by the content of losartan and its metabolite E-3174 in the urine of patients with mechanical prosthetic heart valves].

We evaluated effect of activity of cytochrome P450 CYP2C9 on maintenance doses of warfarin in 33 patients with implanted artificial heart valves. Losartan test was used for measurement of concentration of active metabolite E-3174 in urine. Concentration of E-3174 below 2500 ng/ml in patients with genotype CYP2C981/*1 with sensitivity 87% and specificity 66% predicted requirement of low doses (< 5 mg/day) of warfarin in the late postoperative period (odds ratio 14, 95% confidence interval 1.135 to 172.75).

[The application of radial hemolysis technique in detection of antibodies to avian influenza virus A (H5N1) and pandemic virus A (H1N1) pdm09].

The article discusses the results of study that demonstrated the possibility of successful application of radial hemolysis reaction in analyzing the human inoculation immunity to new strains of influenza virus serotype A - A (H5N1) and A (H5N2). The radial hemolysis reaction provides accurate results on introduction of erythrocytes of horse or sheep into hemolytic system instead of erythrocytes of hens applied previously. The technique combines high sensitivity (in comparison with reactions of hemagglutination-inhibition and micro-neutralization, correlation coefficient 0.84-0.85) and total absence of inhibitors impact on the reaction results. During the investigation of immune response of patients who had pandemic virus A (H1N1) pdm09, radial hemolysis reaction demonstrated not only primary detection of antibodies to virus-agent (67%) during pandemic, but also elective heightened sensibility in the zone of low titer serums (1:20) in hemagglutination-inhibition reaction. These characteristics are very important in analysis of antibodies levels at early stages of disease. The radial hemolysis reaction continues to be a reliable instrument in evaluating qualitative and quantitative indicators of humoral immunity in ill patients and persons inoculated with new strains of human influenza virus.

Multi-walled Сarbon Nanotubes Penetrate into Plant Cells and Affect the Growth of Onobrychis arenaria Seedlings.

Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) are now being used in many sectors of industry; however, the impact of ENPs on the environment still requires further study, since their use, recycling, and accidental spill can result in the accumulation of nanoparticles in the atmosphere, soil, and water. Plants are an integral part of ecosystems; hence their interaction with ENPs is inevitable. It is important to understand the consequences of this interaction and assess its potential effects. The present research is focused on studying the effects of the industrial material Taunit, containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), on plants, and testing of its ability to penetrate into plant cells and tissues. Taunit has been found to stimulate the growth of roots and stems and cause an increase in peroxidase activity inOnobrychis arenariaseedlings. Peroxidase activity increases with decreasing concentration of Taunit from 1,000 to 100 mg/l. MWNTs from Taunit were detected in the cells and tissues of seedling roots and leaves, implying the ability of MWNTs to penetrate into roots and accumulate there, as well as their ability to be transported into seedling leaves. Thus, the changes in the physiological parameters of plants are associated not only with MWNT adsorption on the root surface, as previously believed, but also with their penetration, uptake and accumulation in the plant cells and tissues.

[Development of competitive enzyme immunoassay for the detection of influenza A(H5) virus antibodies].

An indirect enzyme immunoassay (EIA) using the purified fraction of surface viral glycoproteins (GP) as an antigen for solid phase sensitization was not shown to be a specific method for the differential detection of influenza A(HS) (HS-Ab) virus antibodies (Abs) due to total conservative epitopes in the structure of GPs of influenza A(H5) and A(H1NI) viruses. The cross activity of some monoclonal Abs (MAbs) to influenza A(H5) and A(HIN1) viruses, which had been obtained at the Research Institute of Influenza, was proof of the presence of total immunodominant determinants in the structure of influenza H1 and H5 virus hemagglutinin (HA). In this connection, an EIA, which was based on the competition of influenza A(H5) H5-Ab virus HA-specific MAbs in the test sera for an association with influenza A(H5) virus, was proposed for the subtype-specific detection of H5 Ab. Comparison of the results of competitive EIA (cEIA), microneutralization (MN) test and HA inhibition test (HAIT) (using equine red blood cells) in the examination of sera obtained from 44 volunteers immunized with inactivated vaccine containing influenza A/Indonesia/5/2005 (H5N1) virus showed the high sensitivity and specificity of cEIA in detecting H5-specific Abs. The effectiveness of cEIA for the sera strictly positive for the content of H5 Abs was close to that of MN test and was 9-34% higher than HAIT (depending on those used in the analysis of H5 virus antigens). cEIA may be proposed to assess new influenza vaccines as an additional laboratory test. Since the infectious virus is not used during cEIA, it may be recommended for the serodiagnosis of influenza A(H5) at practical virological laboratories.

[Correlation of p16/INK4a gene damages and protein expression in the tumor tissue of sporadic breast cancer].

A tumor emerges due to the structural and functional abnormalities occurring in the genes, which causes a change in the spectrum of protein molecules. Strong correlations between the gene damages and following changes in the protein spectrum make it possible to study different stages of carcinogenesis and to create a more complete system of molecular markers for the diagnosis of different types of tumors, which comprises protein markers and DNA markers. The present investigation has studied a correlation between the inactivation mechanisms (structural and functional) of the suppressor gene p16/INK4a, which occur at the level of DNA, and the results of its protein expression examined by immunohistochemical methods in the tumor specimens from patients with breast cancer. The investigation could indicate that p16/INK4a gene damage frequently occurred in the tumors of the above type. In the majority of study cases, molecular damages revealed in the gene diminish on its protein expression; however, there are still cases that defy generally accepted explanations.

[Analysis of the correlation between genetic and immunohistochemical markers (RB1, p16 and p53 gene regultors of a cell cycle) in sporadic mammary gland carcinoma].

The results of an investigation of the RB 1, p16 and p53 genes in sporadic breast cancer through molecular and immunohistochemical studies are presented.

[Regulatory genes of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) controlling the development of nitrogen-fixing nodules and arbuscular mycorrhiza: a review of basic and applied aspects].

The review sums up the long experience of the authors and other researchers in studying the genetic system of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.), which controls sthe development of nitrogen-fixing symbiosis and arbuscular mycorrhiza. A justified phenotypic classification of pea mutants is presented. Progress in identifying and cloning symbiotic genes is adequately reflected. The feasibility of using double inoculation as a means of increasing the plant productivity is demonstrated, in which the potential of a tripartite symbiotic system (pea plants-root nodule bacteria-arbuscular mycorrhiza) is mobilized.

[Algorithm of therapy in neonates with developmental malformations depending on causes and severity of illness in the intensive care unit].

The results of treatment for congenital malformations requiring emergency interventions depend on the timeliness and correctness of diagnosis of a defect, on the performance of resuscitative and surgical interventions, the correct evaluation of a neonate's condition at different stages of treatment. The score rating of the patient's condition is objective and may be an evidence-based medicine tool. Prior to the emergence of the universal scale, many authors used their own developments. On the basis of achievements made by pediatric surgeons, anesthesiologists, resuscitators in the context of statistical analysis, the specific features of neonatology, microbiology, and clinical pharmacology, the authors of the paper have developed a neonatal severity rating scale with inclusion criteria, such as a body weight of more than 2 kg; intensive care unit (ICU) stay, artificial ventilation of at least 2 days of life. Life-threatening periods have been defined in neonatal infants treated at ICU; the main causes of their critical condition have been indicated in certain developmental malformations before and after surgery, the causes of death have been revealed from the material available in their case histories and from morphological charts. The purpose of the present study was to develop an algorithm of therapy for the newborn with severe developmental malformations at ICU and to define a promising line for increasing the survival rates in neonatal infants with these defects.

[Immunoblot for verifying the results of screening of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in blood donors]. / Immunoblot v podtverzhdenii rezul'tatov skrininga antitel k virusu gepatita C u donorov krovi.

A conclusion is made, on the basis of independent research results and published data, on the need to verify, compulsorily, the screening finding of donor blood for hepatitis virus by immunoblot and, in extra complicated cases, by PCR.